Description

SESSION	NOVEMBER 2024
PROGRAM	BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER	3
COURSE CODE & NAME	DCA2102 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 

 

Set – I

 

1. What do you mean by cardinality? What are the different types of Cardinalities in RDBMS? Explain by giving suitable example.

Ans 1.

Cardinality in RDBMS

In the context of a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values in a column or the nature of the relationships between tables in a database. It provides an understanding of how data is connected and the number of elements involved in the relationships.

Cardinality is critical for designing effective databases, optimizing queries, and understanding the relationship between datasets. It ensures data integrity, facilitates efficient data retrieval,

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2. What do you  mean  by  Entity  Integrity  Constraint  and  Referential  Integrity Constraint. Explain by giving suitable example.

Ans 2.

Entity Integrity Constraint and Referential Integrity Constraint

Database integrity is a fundamental concept in relational database systems, ensuring that the data stored is accurate, consistent, and reliable. Two key types of constraints that uphold this integrity are the Entity Integrity Constraint and the Referential Integrity Constraint. Both play critical roles in maintaining the logical consistency and relationships between the data stored in tables.

Entity Integrity Constraint

The Entity Integrity Constraint ensures that every table in a relational database has a unique identifier for each record. This is achieved through the use of a Primary Key, which is a

 

 

3. Explain the important properties of transactions that a DBMS must ensure to maintain data in the face of concurrent access and system failures

Ans 3.

Properties of Transactions in DBMS

In a Database Management System (DBMS), a transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single logical unit of work. Transactions are critical for ensuring data consistency and reliability, especially in scenarios involving concurrent access or system failures. To achieve these objectives, DBMS follows the ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. These properties collectively ensure that the database remains in a valid state regardless of system interruptions or multiple users accessing data

 

Set – II

 

 

4. Discuss different Operations in Relational Algebra? Explain each operation by giving suitable example.

Ans 4.

Operations in Relational Algebra

Relational Algebra is a formal query language in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It provides a set of operations to manipulate and retrieve data from relational tables. These operations are categorized into basic operations (such as selection, projection, and Cartesian product) and set operations (such as union, intersection, and difference). Each operation produces a new relation, which can be further manipulated, enabling flexible query

 

 

5. What do you mean by Normalization? What are the different Normal Forms. Explain by giving suitable example.

Ans 5.

Normalization and Its Normal Forms

Normalization is a systematic process in database design aimed at organizing data to minimize redundancy and avoid anomalies such as insertion, deletion, and update issues. The primary objective of normalization is to ensure data consistency and optimize storage by dividing larger tables into smaller, well-structured tables and establishing relationships between them.

Normalization involves a series of steps known as normal forms (NFs), each with specific

 

 

6. What do you  mean  by  Fragmentation?  What  are  the  different  types  of fragmentation. Explain by giving suitable example. 2+6+2       

Ans 6.

Fragmentation in Database Management Systems

Fragmentation refers to the process of dividing a database into smaller, manageable pieces called fragments. These fragments are stored across multiple locations or systems in a distributed database. Fragmentation improves performance, availability, and scalability by allowing queries to access only relevant fragments instead of the entire database.

The goal of fragmentation is to ensure data distribution aligns with access patterns, thereby minimizing response time and maximizing efficiency. Properly implemented, fragmentation